Advent of European Invasion

Advent of European Invasion

Portuguese in India :

• The Portuguese voyager Vasco da Gama reached Calicut on May 17, 1498.He is landed at Kappad in Calicut (now Kozhikode) in the present-day Indian state of Kerala. At that time Calicut was ruled by a king named Zamorin. Vasco da Gama’s voyage was successful in establishing a sea route from Europe to India that would permit trade with the Far East, without the use of the costly and unsafe Silk Road caravan routes, of the Middle East and Central Asia. In 1502, he established a factory at Cochin.
• The Portuguese built the Pulicat fort in 1502, with the help of the Vijayanagar King.
• The government started in 1505, six years after the discovery of a sea route to India by Vasco da Gama .
• The first Governor of Portuguese in India was Francisco Almeida.(1505–09).Afonso de Albuquerque
  second governor of Portuguese India conquered and established the Portuguese colonial empire in the Indian Ocean.Before his death he was awarded viceroy and "Duke of Goa" by king Manuel I of Portugal, becoming the first Portuguese duke not from the royal family, and the first Portuguese title landed overseas. For some time he was known as The Terrible, The Great, The Caesar of the East, Lion of the Seas and as The Portuguese Mars.
• Nino – da – Cunha transferred the Portuguese capital in India from Cochin to Goa in 1530 and acquired Diu (in 1535) and Daman (in 1559).
• Portuguese lost Hugly in 1631 during the reign of Shahjahan.
• In 1661, the Portuguese king gave Bombay to Charles II of England as dowry, for marrying his sister.
• In 1843 the capital was shifted to Panjim,then renamed "Nova Goa", when it officially became the administrative seat of Portuguese India.
• The Governor of Portuguese India signed the Instrument of Surrender on 19 December 1961, ending 450 years of Portuguese rule in India.The territories were annexed by India

                                           Portuguese State of India
                                   (Estado da Índia)

Capital-Nova Goa (Cochin to 1530)

Language(s)- Portuguese

Also spoken; Konkani, Gujarati, Marathi, Malayalam, others.

Political structure- Colony; Overseas Province

Head of state- King
1511–21 Manuel I of Portugal- President
1958–61 Américo Tomás

Viceroy - 1505–09 (first) Francisco de Almeida

1827–35 (last) Manuel de Portugal e Castro

Governor-general - 1509–15 (first) Afonso de Albuquerque -

1958–62 (last) Manuel António Vassalo e Silva

Historical era-Imperialism

Fall of Sultanate of Bijapur -15 August 1505

Indian Annexation- 14 January 1961

Currency Indian rúpia (INPR),Indian escudo (INPES)

Dutch East India Company(Holland) :

• The Dutch East India Company was a chartered company established in 1602.
• They set – up their first factory at Masulipatnam in 1605. Their other factories were at Pulicat, Chinsura, Patna, Balasore, Nagapattanam, Cochin, Surat, Karikal, Kasimbazar.
• Established factory at Devanampattinam in 1608.
• Nagapattinam become head-quarters in1689.

English East India Company :

• The English East India Company was formed in 1599, and was given the royal Charter by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600 to trade in the east.
• Captain William Hawkins stayed in Jahangir’s court from 1609 – 1611. But he failed to get the king’s permission to erect a factory at Surat. Captain Middleton succeeded in this effort in 1611.
• An imperial Farman allowed the Company to set up a permanent factory at Surat in 1613. Sir Thomas Roe played an important role in this.
• In 1616, the Company established its first factory in the south in Masulipatnam. In 1633, it established its first factory in east India in Hariharpur, Balasore (Orissa).
• The Company got the lease of Madras in 1639 and built Fort St. George in Madras, which acted as its headquarter on the Coromandal coast.
• Bombay was made the Company’s main settlement on the west coast in 1668.
• Aurangzeb gave the Company the Farman in 1667 to trade in Bengal. In 1690, a factory was set up at Sutanuti village. In Sutanati and nearby villages of Kalikata and Gobindpur, grew the city of Calcutta (now Kolkata). In 1696, the Company fortified the Calcutta factory into Fort William.
• In 1717, John Surman obtained a Farman from Farrukhsiyar which gave large concessions to the Company. This Farman is called the ‘Magna Carta’ of the Company.

Danes in India :

• The Danish East India Company was formed in 1616.
• They established settlements at Serampur (Bengal) and Tranquebar(1620,Tamil Nadu).
• The banes sold their settlements to the English in 1845.
  

French in India :

• The French East India Company was set in 1664, at the instance of a minister, Colbert, in the reign of Louis XIV.
• In 1674 Francis Martin got Puducherry from Bijapur king.
• In 1701 Puducherry Become Head Quarters.
• The French Company was created, financed and controlled by the State and it differed from the English Company which was a private commercial venture.
• They established their first factory at Surat in 1668 and at Masulipatnam in 1669.
• The foundation of Pondicherry was laid in 1673 which, afterwards, became its capital. They also developed a factory in Chandernagar.
  
• Captured Mahi(malabar coast) in1725 and karaikal in 1739.
  

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